There was a documentary on Belgian F-16 pilots a few years ago, where they followed a student pilot as well.
The Critical Action Procedures (CAPs, better known as the emergency checklists) are all to be known by heart. During pre-flight preparation, the IP would ask any or several CAPs at random and if the student pilot didn’t know them ad verbatim, he wouldn’t be allowed to fly (solo), but instead would have to spend the time studying them.
Student pilots only get a limited amount of chances to fail such a verbal check before they have to undergo a performance and dedication review, with course termination as a possible result of that review, but not 100% sure about how many at the moment. (I think it’s only 2 though)